The Ottoman Empire, which at the time this map was drawn included much of the Balkans and the Middle East, used a version of the Turkish language written in a slightly modified Arabic script.

Gingeras, a historian of the Middle East who teaches at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Calif., has written five other books on Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, among them the somewhat ...

In 1915, an Anglo-Indian attempt to capture Baghdad from the Ottoman empire ended in disaster. Thousands of British and Indian troops spent five months besieged in the small town of Kut, south of ...