The performance evaluation of three pilot scale subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CW), i.e. horizontal flow (HFCW), vertical flow (VFCW) and a baffle type-hybrid (HYCW) was studied. The units were ...

Pilot phase. The pilot wetland system was installed in December 2010 and included three cell types (left to right): free water surface cells, vegetated submerged bed cells, and vertical flow bed ...

Abstract: In Ethiopia, the most common method of disposal of waste water is by land spreading. This treatment method has numerous problems, namely high labor requirements and the potential for ...

The use of Constructed wetlands (CWs) can be a very efficient and economic technology for wastewater treatment. They can be applied to all types of wastewaters including sewage, storm water runoff, ...

Ecologically engineered wetlands and algae-based systems can play a significant role in managing acid mine drainage and sulphate-rich waters at active and legacy mining sites, while enabling long-term ...

The first stage, a vertical flow constructed wetland, integrates sludge accumulation and mineralisation, eliminating the need for separate sludge management and reducing operational costs. The second ...