Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and random processes form a central framework for modelling systems influenced by inherent uncertainties. These mathematical constructs are used to rigorously ...

Random walks serve as fundamental models in the study of stochastic processes, simulating phenomena ranging from molecular diffusion to queuing networks and financial systems. Their inherent ...

Stochastic dominance (SD) theory is concerned with orderings of random variables by classes of utility functions characterized solely in terms of general properties. This paper discusses a type of ...

In engineering design, the traditional “deterministic” modelling approach assumes fixed values for loads, material properties ...

Several vendors are rolling out next-generation inspection systems and software that locates problematic defects in chips caused by processes in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Each defect ...