Research indicates that smoking can contribute to conditions like spinal stenosis and degenerative disc disease, with a ...

Smokers' bodies' innate defences against inflammation are compromised, which slows the healing process after any back pain or injury. Smoking's Psychological Effect on Pain Dr Amod Manocha ...

A very low level of evidence existed showing that smoking has a negative influence on post-operative outcome in back pain (effect size, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66–0.97; n=4886). A low level of evidence ...

Both past-week pain intensity and cigarette smoking were independently associated with fatigue and poorer physical, mental, and overall health. However, past-week pain intensity was associated ...