A novel full-wave rectifier turns an audio power amplifier into a simple modulator, that is then used to modulate an ...

In AM (amplitude modulation) radio, a wave with constant strength and frequency - called a carrier wave - is generated from the oscillation of an electric current. The audio signal, which contains ...

Most high-throughput data networks rely on optical transmission methods to transfer data, with two dominant modulation techniques: 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) and coherent modulation.

Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a way to pack more bits into the same amount of time on a serial channel. The usual mechanism used in serial communications is the binary non-return to zero (NRZ).