Reprod Toxicol. 2003;17:137-152. 18. Akin MD, Weingand KW, Hengehold DA, et al. Continuous low-level topical heat in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:343-349. 19.

Primary dysmenorrhea is painful cramping during periods, whereas premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a wide range of physical and emotional symptoms that can occur in the days leading up to menstruation.

Treatment options for heavy periods include hormonal contraceptives, tranexamic acid, progestins, and some surgical procedures. Heavy menstrual bleeding, known scientifically as menorrhagia, can ...

NSAIDs. Numerous studies have shown that NSAIDs act through prostaglandin synthetase inhibition to control dysmenorrhea. 5 Ideally, these medications should be started one to two days before ...