“In many cases we have students performing two, three, even four grade levels above where they are.” Students are scored based on a grade level equivalent, including how far along they are at that ...

Jennifer Throndsen has more than 20 years of experience in the classroom, including as a teacher, instructional coach, district office specialist, and state-level director. She now works with ...

The test score decline between 1967 and 1980 was large (about 1.25 grade-level equivalents) and historically unprecedented. New estimates of trends in academic achievement, of the effect of academic ...