Dr Mike McDonagh explains the chemical and physical processes involved in forming lead dioxide and pure lead in lead-acid battery plates.

Modern cars are quite advanced. Cars equipped with different levels of autonomous driving, for example, are among the most technologically advanced vehicles on the road today, as are EVs and hybrids.

This has helped speed adoption, as consumers demand—by huge margins—that their BEVs have over 300 miles of range, according to studies by both Bloomberg and Cox Automotive. Whether people will use ...