According to a new empirical law, the transition temperature to superconductivity is high in copper oxides because their metallic states are as viscous as is permitted by the laws of quantum physics.

But in 1934, theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner predicted that a group of electrons could crystallize into a solid form under specific conditions, forming a phase now known as a Wigner crystal.

We solve the one-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation for radiation belt electrons under the assumption of the conservation of the first and second adiabatic invariants (so-called radial diffusion). We ...