Charged surfaces in contact with liquids—such as biological cell walls or battery electrodes—attract oppositely charged ions ...

a century of cell-membrane lipids Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology 4: 414–418 (2003). Gortner, E. & Grendel, F. On bimolecular layers of lipoids on the chromacytes of blood. Journal of ...

New research challenges the view that proteins are the only key to evolution, highlighting the importance of lipids.

Cell structure Description Function Cell type Cell wall Freely permeable layer surrounding cell membrane. The cell wall of plant cells is made from cellulose. This gives them a rigid structure.

Despite being extremely thin, cell membranes are made of two distinct layers—often called leaflets. While the two leaflets of man-made membranes are almost always the same, living membranes are ...

The cell membrane is a flexible outer layer that surrounds the cell and controls which substances can pass into and out from it. The cytoplasm is the liquid that makes up most of the cell in which ...

Aquaporins are proteins that rapidly transport water across cell membranes while excluding salt ... which together create a greasy layer. The channels were then tested inside vesicles, sacs ...

These components are organized into three major layers: the primary cell wall, the middle lamella, and the secondary cell wall (not pictured). The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and ...

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells employ a polymer membrane with acid side groups ... The membrane has a smooth surface and contacts the outermost layer of catalyst particles, as suggested ...