to help students to understand the complex biotic and physical interactions in the natural environment and to gain an appreciation for their place in the natural world and the impact of humans on the ...

The biotic parts of the ecosystem, which include bacteria, flora and fauna, have a complex relationship with the abiotic components - changing one will lead to a change in the other.

The plant cell wall is a dynamic and complex structure that plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and defense.

They often consist of macrophytes, i.e. aquatic plants and algae. Many macrophytes are considered foundation species that maintain biodiversity and modify the abiotic and biotic environment. For ...