"We find that, all else equal, tracts whose residents drive less are exposed to more air pollution, as are tracts with a less-White population ... income Latino and Black neighborhoods, spewing ...

Neighborhoods that were subject to redlining in the 1930s tend to have higher levels of air pollution many ... after the Great Depression, drawing lines around Black and immigrant areas that ...

often concentrated sources of pollution near Black, brown, and poor communities. Today, middle class and wealthy Black Americans breathe in more heavily polluted air than white Americans in all ...